Parkinson's disease, most well known for its very visible effects in those who have been affected, involves the degeneration of cells in the central nervous system. Specifically, dopamine-producing cells in a particular region of the brain start to die off, resulting in a loss of motor function in the body.
Though early stages of Parkinson's are recognized by shaking and difficulty walking, later stages can lead to dementia and behavioral problems. Currently there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, and the exact cause of this cell death is unknown. However, there are a number of treatment options available to those suffering from Parkinson's that might help to minimize the symptoms of this disease.
Medications
The most conventional treatment for symptoms of Parkinson's disease are medications. The most frequently prescribed drug is Levodopa, which is metabolized by the body to produce dopamine. Doctors may try to wait as long as possible before prescribing this drug, as it can lose effectiveness over time.
Other medications include COMT inhibitors, which complement Levodopa by blocking an enzyme which breaks down this drug; MAO-B inhibitors, which also block an enzyme that breaks down dopamine; and dopamine agonists, which are medications that mimic the effect of dopamine in the brain.
Other medications may be prescribed to either simulate dopamine in the body or prevent the body from breaking down dopamine in the first place. While these drugs may be effective in addressing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, they may also have potent side effects; some drugs may damage the liver, while others can result in hallucinations or character changes due to their effects on the brain.
Surgery
In addition to the prescription of medications, the symptoms of Parkinson's disease may be addressed through certain surgical treatments. One well-known surgical procedure is deep-brain stimulation, in which electrodes are surgically implanted directly in the brain. A small battery or generator is then placed on the chest, sending pulses of energy to these electrodes periodically and ideally reducing some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Because this surgical option is such an invasive procedure, it is usually used for those who are not responding well to medication. Though the surgery will be able to combat Parkinson's symptoms for many years, it will not actually stop the progression of the disease.
Lifestyle Treatments
The treatments for Parkinson's disease listed above should always be complemented by lifestyle changes to help combat these difficult symptoms. Even something as basic as eating a healthy diet can be beneficial to those with Parkinson's, and a regular exercise plan with the aid of a physical therapist can help address the degeneration of motor skills, depression, and anxiety that are caused by Parkinson's. These relatively modest steps can still help combat Parkinson's symptoms.
