Cavities, which are also known as tooth decay or dental caries, are often seen as a problem for children who eat too much candy. However, they can affect anyone at any age—regardless of candy intake. Sometimes it can be difficult to notice a cavity in its early stages since the symptoms are so mild, but if left untreated, it can turn into a serious health problem. Here is a quick rundown of some of the most common cavity signs and symptoms to keep in mind.
The Cause of Cavity Symptoms
Cavities and the damage they create are caused by microscopic bacteria that live inside the mouth. These bacteria band together to form a sticky film known as plaque that coat the teeth, and as a person eats, the sugars found in food act as a nutrient source for the bacteria. As they feed on the sugar, they create an acidic byproduct that eats away at the three layers of the teeth—enamel, dentin, and pulp. If these bacteria are not periodically removed, the damage from this acid becomes significant enough to cause a cavity.
Early Stage Symptoms
It can actually be quite difficult to notice cavities in their early stages, since their symptoms are relatively mild. At this point, the decaying tooth is probably not sensitive to temperature changes or pressure, and visual symptoms will be barely observable. At most, small chalky patches may begin to appear—indicating that enamel has been stripped away from the tooth. This is referred to as a “microcavity” and its effects are still reversible if treated quickly.
Middle Stage Symptoms
As a cavity progresses, it will begin to change color from chalky white to dark brown or black. This is an indication that the decay has completely stripped away the enamel and is currently attacking the dentin layer of the tooth. Additionally, the size of the cavity will begin to increase as well. In this stage, the affected tooth will probably become more sensitive to extremely hot or cold foods and may constantly ache if the cavity is severe enough.
Late Stage Symptoms
By the late stages of a cavity, its symptoms become much more severe. At this point, the decay has made its way into the inner pulp of the tooth and has probably turned dark black. As the pulp begins to die, the tooth’s sensitivity to hot and cold will decrease, but its sensitivity to pressure will greatly increase—making eating a difficult task. If the cavity is allowed to progress to the point of tooth death, it’s very likely that the tooth will fall out or at least need to be removed surgically.
Miscellaneous Symptoms
Some people may experience additional symptoms in addition to the ones listed above. One of the most common is bad breath or a foul taste in the mouth, both of which are caused by the actual decay of the tooth. This can occur at any time but is most common in the middle or late stages of tooth decay. Additionally, infection at the site of decay may occur as well. This is a symptom that needs to be addressed immediately, as the infection has the potential to spread to nearby areas of the face and cause serious conditions like Ludwig’s angina and cavernous sinus thrombosis.
